Cats are rather infamous for being “vomity” creatures, with hairballs being the cause of most feline gastrointestinal evacuations. Because of this, a certain amount of vomiting is considered normal for cats, sometimes making it more difficult to recognize when there is a problem.

There are a few key points to consider when assessing your cat’s upchuck habits, including whether we are dealing with vomiting or regurgitation, how often they are doing it, and the amount, consistency, and color of what they are bringing up.

Although cats will experience the odd vomit from time to time, any cat that is vomiting frequently or violently, is losing weight, or is showing any other signs of illness should be assessed by your veterinarian without further delay. If your cat is throwing up brown liquid, you are going to want to know why. Fortunately, you have found yourself in the right place.

Let’s take a look at how the color of your cat’s vomit can be a useful diagnostic tool, as well as what else you need to know.

The 3 Reasons Your Cat Is Throwing Up Brown Liquid

The color of your cat’s vomit can give us a surprising amount of information about what’s driving the problem. For example, yellow vomit (bile) often indicates an empty stomach, clear vomit suggests they’ve been drinking a lot of water, and pink vomit can be a sign of mild bleeding in the stomach or esophagus.

Your cat could be throwing up liquid for many different reasons, including renal failure, overactive thyroid, or digestive issues. The reasons this fluid might be brown include:

1. Diet

Most cat foods are varying shades of brown, so brown-hued vomit is not a huge surprise. However, if your cat’s food tends to be a paler beige or yellow, we need to consider other causes.

2. Bleeding in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Fresh blood from the esophagus or stomach will show up as red or pink in the vomit, but if there is a slow bleed (e.g., from a gastric ulcer) or if there is bleeding further along in the intestines, this can appear brown or even black when thrown up. If you suspect your cat’s vomit may contain blood, you should contact your vet immediately.

3. Fecal Matter

If your cat has an obstruction further down the intestines or large bowel, this can cause fecal matter to back up in the digestive tract and appear as vomit. The smell of the liquid will be the most obvious indication that this is the problem, and it is a sign that your cat needs urgent veterinary care.

Vomiting vs. Regurgitation

Apart from the color of what your cat is throwing up, we need to know whether we are dealing with vomiting or regurgitation.

What’s the Difference?

Vomiting, or throwing up, is an active process whereby the contents of the stomach or small intestines are forced upward into the esophagus and out of the mouth. It is usually accompanied by signs of nausea (drooling, lip smacking, appearing unwell) and involves abdominal effort. The material produced when vomiting typically includes fluid, partially digested food, or hairballs.

Regurgitation is a more passive reflex, whereby food is ejected from the esophagus before or as it reaches the entry to the stomach. There are usually little or no signs of nausea, and the material brought up closely resembles what went in.

If your cat is throwing up brown liquid, we are mostly likely dealing with vomiting, unless they are regurgitating undigested gravy. If in doubt, take a photo of the liquid to show your vet.

Conclusion

There are many reasons why our cats might throw up, and the more information we can give our vets, the more quickly we can reach a diagnosis. Being able to describe whether your cat is vomiting or regurgitating, how much, how frequently, and the consistency and color of the material are all important factors to be aware of, and photographs can also be very helpful.

If your cat is throwing up brown liquid, it may simply be due to the type of food they are eating, how fast they are eating or it could be a sign of bleeding in the digestive tract or even a severe obstruction. In any case, a cat that is throwing up brown liquid should be seen by a vet.

Although it’s true that most cats will vomit from time to time, brown liquid could be a sign of a more serious problem, so it is better to have them examined sooner rather than later.

Featured Image Credit: Nils Jacobi, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Throwing Up Brown Liquid? 3 Vet Explained Reasons by Dr. Karyn Kanowski BVSc MRCVS (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Bobcat Fever is a serious and life-threatening disease that causes anemia in feline species. While the name suggests that the wild bobcat is primarily affected, this is not the case. Bobcats appear to have good immunity and tend to become “carriers” of the parasite, without displaying any signs of disease. Domestic cats, however, are not so fortunate.

Bobcat Fever is predominantly found in the south central and south eastern areas of North America. The range of disease is believed to be spreading due to climate change and local weather changes. This article will explain how Bobcat Fever is transmitted, what causes it, and what can be done to treat cats suffering from this problematic disease.

What is Bobcat Fever?

There is a technical name for Bobcat Fever: Cytauxzoonosis. This is because Bobcat Fever is caused by a blood parasite called Cytauxzoon felis. The parasite is found in ticks (most commonly the Lone Star tick and American dog tick). When a tick carrying the C. felis parasite feeds on a cat, the parasite can be transmitted into the cat’s blood.

Once in the cat’s blood, the parasite undergoes several stages of division and replication. The parasite invades white blood cells (macrophages) and causes them to burst. They then infect red blood cells which are destroyed causing the cats to become anemic. Parasite clumps are also capable of occluding (blocking) blood vessels and disrupting oxygen distribution to tissues.

What Are the Signs of Bobcat Fever?

Signs of Bobcat Fever develop approximately 10 days from the time of the tick bite. The early signs can be vague or “non-specific”:

Later in the course of the disease, cats become extremely unwell. The lymph nodes, spleen, and liver may become enlarged. Cats will often become hypothermic (low body temperature), and then lapse into coma. Death occurs shortly after this around day 21 post infection.

What Are the Causes of Bobcat Fever?

Bobcat Fever is caused by the blood parasite Cytauxzoon felis. It is carried in an infected tick’s saliva and injected into the cat’s blood stream when the tick feeds. The tick replicates in blood cells (and other tissues in the body), causing destruction of red blood cells and anemia.

The disease is not caused by ingesting ticks. It is not caused by encountering bobcats or other infected cats.

How Do I Care for a Cat with Bobcat Fever?

At home, there is no way of knowing if your cat has contracted Bobcat Fever, as this requires some diagnostic tests to be run. For this reason, if your cat has any of the early signs of being unwell, it’s best to get them checked by a veterinarian.

Previously, the fatality rate was believed to be very close to 100%. This meant that no cat suffering from Bobcat Fever was believed to survive. More recently, there has been some treatment success, though still minimal. Cats require hospitalization and aggressive treatment with intravenous fluids, specific injectable medications for the C. felis parasite, blood transfusions, and nutritional support (which may require the placement of a feeding tube). Cats that survive may spend upwards of one week in hospital and a further two weeks for full recovery.

In cats that are severely unwell, or where hospitalization and aggressive treatment are not possible, euthanasia may be the kindest option.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. How Is Bobcat Fever Diagnosed?

Bobcat Fever is diagnosed using a combination of blood tests. The C. felis parasite can often be seen in red blood cells when analyzing a blood film under the microscope. PCR (DNA) tests may be required to confirm the diagnosis. If the cause of anemia remains unclear after blood tests, imaging studies may be used to rule out other causes of anemia.

2. What Is the Prognosis for Cats with Bobcat Fever?

With prompt and aggressive treatment, it is believed that up to 60% of cats may survive. Without treatment, the mortality rate is close to 100%. It is not fully understood why some cats survive and others do not.

3. How Can Bobcat Fever Be Prevented?

The only way to ensure your cat is not at risk of Bobcat Fever is to keep them indoors, where they are not exposed to ticks. Tick prevention products in the form of spot-on treatments and collars can be used, but none are 100% effective. Speak to your veterinary team about the best tick prevention tactics in your area.

Conclusion

Bobcat Fever is a potentially fatal parasitic disease that causes anemia in domestic cats. The disease gets its name because bobcats are the reservoir host, meaning they are the natural animal in which the C. felis parasite resides. But while bobcats do not become unwell as a result of their infection, household cats do.

Treatment protocols exist but must be undertaken early. If you live in an area where cats are at risk of Bobcat Fever, it is best to keep them indoors. If this is not possible, ensure you are applying a tick preventative. If you have any concerns about your cat’s health, do not hesitate to contact your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit: one photo, Shutterstock

The post Bobcat Fever: Our Vet Discusses Signs, Causes & Treatment by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

As cat owners, we know how stressful it can be getting our cats to the vet. Telehealth services are gaining traction in the pet industry, making it easy to receive veterinary advice and consultations from your home and taking some of the stress out of vet visits for both your cat and you.

That’s why we at Catster are excited to announce the launch of our new telehealth service: PangoVet. With PangoVet, you can schedule a video consultation with one of our expert veterinarians, who can give you advice about your cat’s health or just answer any questions or concerns you may have in an affordable and convenient way.

Key Features of PangoVet

Besides taking the stress out of trying to get your cat to the vet, PangoVet gives you the advantage of flexible scheduling, so that you can make a telehealth appointment at your convenience.

“The key is our personal approach to medicine,” says PangoVet’s Dr. Lauren Demos. “What you expected 20 years ago when everyone in the local veterinary clinic was a familiar face, and really connected with you and your pet. So much has changed in the veterinary industry, especially since Covid, and these wonderful relationships have been lost. Telehealth allows us to really focus on both healthcare and building back these relationships, for the better of all involved.”

How Does PangoVet Work?

It’s easy to make an appointment with PangoVet. All you have to do is fill out an online form about your cat and your reason for wanting a consultation, including any questions and concerns you have about your cat.

Once you pay the consultation fee, you will be scheduled for a 20-minute video consultation with one of our veterinarians. This gives you the opportunity and time to address any concerns more in-depth.

After the consultation, you’ll receive a report that summarizes your consultation. This report can be helpful for your personal records or in the event that you do need to follow up with a veterinarian in person.

What Specific Issues Can PangoVet Help With?

Although PangoVet can’t offer a diagnosis or prescribe medications, our vets can answer your questions and offer advice about:

Our veterinarians will also let you know if your pet needs to be seen by a veterinarian in person for further evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment and how soon they need to be seen. They can even help you find a vet in your area if necessary.

For more information about PangoVet and to see the answers to frequently asked questions, please visit the PangoVet website. We hope that you’ll find this service helpful for your cat, and convenient and affordable for you. We hope to revolutionize the way that you receive pet healthcare with this new service.

Featured Image Credit: Dmytro Zinkevych, Shutterstock

The post Introducing PangoVet: Our New Telehealth Service by Catster Editorial Team appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

It’s really scary when our pets become ill, particularly when they’re not acting like their normal selves. Often, one of the first signs that there’s something wrong with our cat is that they seem quiet, lethargic, or try to hide. These sorts of signs can occur with many different issues, from a fever to something more serious. But what if their personality changes, or they have difficulty walking, or even start having seizures? These can be signs of a neurological problem and need immediate veterinary attention.

There are several causes of neurological disease in cats: infection, trauma, congenital problems, and cancer, to name a few. Let’s take a closer look at the neurological disorders that affect cats to learn what signs to watch out for, and how these disorders can be treated.

Understanding Feline Neurological Disease

As we know, the nervous system is extremely complex and is responsible for controlling every other aspect of biological function, from basic reflexes, movement and coordination, hormones, digestion, breathing, thinking—everything! So, when something goes wrong with this system, the results can be catastrophic.

Because there are so many different ways that a neurological disorder can present, a thorough history is vital, including what sort of signs you have noticed, how long they’ve been going on, and any other changes that have been seen. The location, type, and duration of clinical signs can give us a huge amount of information.

What Are the Most Common Forms of Neurological Disorders in Cats?

Now that we have a better understanding of how to approach neurological disease, let’s take a look at some examples of disorders in cats.

1. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

You might be wondering how peritonitis fits into neurological disorders, and it is a misleading label. FIP is a viral infection caused by a strain of Feline Coronavirus, a family of viruses that cause a number of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in humans, including COVID-19, SARS, and MERS.

Feline coronavirus is relatively common amongst cats, particularly those living in high-density feline populations or multi-cat households. It is shed in the feces and easily picked up by other cats in a shared environment, and in the majority of cases, is asymptomatic. If a cat becomes unwell or immunocompromised, is infected by another virus (such as feline leukemia virus), or is generally in poor health and condition, the virus can mutate into an active form which, in almost all cases, is fatal.

The most common presentation of FIP in cats is one that produces fluid buildup in the body (effusion), particularly within the peritoneal cavity, or abdomen. This is also referred to as “wet” FIP, due to the effusions it causes. The second form creates little or no effusion, so is referred to as “dry” FIP, although both forms can occur simultaneously.

Dry FIP can affect numerous organ systems, most notably, the eyes and nervous system. The virus may cause painful inflammation, infection, and bleeding in the eyes. As it reaches the brain, this inflammation will cause depression, personality changes, seizures, ataxia (wobbly, unstable walking), coma, and death.

Most cases of active FIP are seen in cats under the age of 2 years old; however, the virus can remain dormant for years and be activated at any age. Clinical signs of the virus tend to progress rapidly, over the course of days/weeks.

2. Otitis

Ear infections can sometimes trigger reactions that look like neurological signs, but they can also cause true neurological disorders. If a cat has an infection to the outer part of the ear (otitis externa), they may tilt their head because of the pain and inflammation in the ear, but this is not a neurological head tilt.

If infection reaches the middle ear (otitis media) or inner ear (otitis interna), inflammation of the facial nerves, causes Horner’s Syndrome or disruption of the vestibular system. Signs of vestibular disease include ataxia, circling, head tilt, and a rapid flickering of the eyes, called nystagmus.

In severe cases, infection and inflammation can travel up the nerves toward the brain, which can cause more severe neurological signs like depression, behavioral changes, and seizures.

Neurological signs associated with otitis can appear over a matter of hours but will usually be preceded by signs of discomfort and irritation of the ear. Cats that have had repeated episodes of otitis externa are at a greater risk of developing otitis media or interna, as are cats that suffer from ear polyps.

3. Neoplasia (Cancer)

Brain and spinal cord tumors are, fortunately, not common in cats, and rarely seen in cats younger than 10 years old. The clinical signs produced by tumors affecting the brain and spinal cord will depend very much on where the tumor is located, the type of tumor, and how quickly it is growing.

Some tumors are benign, meaning that they may be growing for a long time (months to years) before any clinical signs are seen, whereas malignant tumors will invade other tissues. Malignant tumors in other parts of the body may also spread (metastasize) to the brain.

One of the most common clinical signs of brain tumors is seizures, with changes in personality, lethargy, depression, ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus, and inappetence also being common signs.

Tumors located in the spinal cord will most often result in weakness, tremors, or paralysis of limbs, and may also cause urinary or fecal incontinence.

4. Epilepsy/Seizures

Epilepsy first appears in cats younger than 7 years old, and the cat is completely normal in between seizures. It is quite common for cats with epilepsy to have periods of several months between seizures, but the frequency tends to increase over time. Compared with dogs, cats are more likely to suffer from partial (focal) seizures, where parts of the body may exhibit seizure activity, without a loss of consciousness.

Accurate diagnosis of epilepsy requires a range of diagnostic tests to rule out extracranial and intracranial causes of seizures, such as bloodwork, ultrasound, and CT scans. It is not uncommon for epilepsy to be excluded as a diagnosis if the seizures emerge after the age of 10–12 years old, or are accompanied by any other neurological signs.

5. Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Although there are a large number of congenital neurological disorders in cats, cerebellar hypoplasia is the most common one that may allow long-term survival. Sometimes referred to as “wobbly” or “clumsy,” kittens with cerebellar hypoplasia are affected from birth, with clinical signs becoming more noticeable as the kitten becomes more active.

If a female cat is infected with the Panleukopenia Virus (also known as feline distemper virus) during pregnancy, the virus can stunt the development of the cerebellum in the unborn kitten. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating motor function with brain function, so cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will have varying levels of ataxia, incoordination, and balance problems, depending on the extent of the disorder.

6.  Trauma

Road traffic accidents are the most common cause of trauma-induced neurological dysfunction. The clinical signs seen will depend on the type, location, and severity of the injury sustained, and may be permanent or temporary.

7. Feline Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS)

Also known as feline senile dementia, CDS is relatively common in geriatric cats. It presents in many different ways, including minor personality changes, inappropriate toileting, new/changed habits, or “vacant” behavior.

As many of these signs can also be linked to common geriatric problems, such as renal disease, cystitis, hyperthyroidism, or arthritis, it is vital to bring your cat in for a health check before dismissing any of these changes as just “old age.”

Conclusion

As you can see, neurological disorders in cats are just about as numerous and complex as the nervous system itself. Being an integral part of all bodily functions, any damage, disease, or dysfunction of the neurological system can have effects anywhere in the body.

Cats are incredibly resilient creatures, which is why they are often said to have nine lives. However, they are still susceptible to infection, damage, and disease, and even minor problems can become catastrophic once the nervous system becomes involved.

If you notice any changes in your cat’s behavior, personality, movements, or posture, do not hesitate to get in touch with your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit: Official, Shutterstock

The post Neurological Disorders in Cats: Our Vet Explains Signs, Causes & Treatments by Dr. Karyn Kanowski BVSc MRCVS (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Routine physical examinations are an integral part of preventative pet care. It is at these appointments that vaccinations are typically administered to our companion animals. But what does it mean if your cat begins throwing up after having vaccinations?

Unfortunately, vomiting following vaccination administration could be a sign of a serious vaccine reaction. Continue reading below to learn about possible causes of vomiting following vaccine administration.

The 3 Reasons Your Cat Is Throwing Up After Having Vaccines

1. Vaccine Reactions

A common reason a cat exhibits vomiting following vaccination is due to an allergic reaction. Although vaccinations are made as safe as possible, individual sensitivities may exist. Some minor vaccine reactions may result in local discomfort or swelling, whereas more significant vaccine reactions can cause vomiting and signs of shock.

Typically, vomiting secondary to a vaccine reaction occurs quickly, usually within 30 minutes of the vaccine administration, although some responses may be delayed. If vomiting occurs in your recently vaccinated cat, your veterinarian should be contacted. If a vaccine reaction is suspected, interventions may be necessary, which could include the use of antihistamines, steroids, or even epinephrine.

2. Anxiety

Although it doesn’t always occur, cats can vomit as a result of anxiety or stress. It is possible that your companion is experiencing anxiety secondary to the events of the day. Prior to future appointments, your veterinarian may recommend administering medication to help reduce your companion’s anxiety and fear. In cats, gabapentin is often used for this purpose. Taking steps to minimize appointment-related anxiety can be beneficial, including the use of pheromones and desensitization.

3. Motion Sickness

For most cats, a vet visit means a short road trip. Whereas some animals may handle this very well, other cats may be very sensitive to motion sickness. It is helpful to keep your pet in a carrier they are accustomed to and keep the car quiet and cool. If vomiting is due to motion sickness, your vet may recommend withholding food prior to the appointment, as well as recommend administering a medication like Cerenia®, an anti-nausea medication used for motion sickness.

Differentiating the Cause of Vomiting

Determining the cause of vomiting may be difficult. It will be important to closely observe your companion for any other signs of illness and to note time frames in which vomiting has occurred. Be sure to seek veterinary care if any other signs of anaphylaxis are present, or if your cat vomits repeatedly. If you are unsure how to proceed with your pet, reach out to your local veterinarian or emergency veterinarian for guidance.

Pre-Treating Vaccine Reactions

In the future, prior to any other vaccinations, it will be important to mention to your veterinarian any previous vaccine reactions or suspected vaccine reactions that your pet has experienced. Animals who have had vaccine reactions previously may be pre-treated with medications to minimize the chance of a reaction occurring again and may be encouraged to allow their pet to stay at the veterinary office all day for observation.

In Summary

Vomiting following vaccination should always be taken seriously. It will be critical to closely observe your feline companion for signs of their condition worsening, and be ready to seek veterinary care if needed. Although stress and motion sickness can both lead to vomiting, the possibility of a vaccine reaction is much more concerning. Veterinary care should be immediately sought out if there is a concern of possible anaphylaxis.

• See Also: Why Is My Cat Vomiting Blood? Our Vet Explains

Featured Image Credit: Tom Wang, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Throwing Up After Having Vaccines? 3 Possible Reasons (Vet Answer) by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

It’s a noise that can’t be unheard. It will wake you up in the middle of the night and rattle your bones. Your cat is retching, and the noise is undeniable. As you race to comfort your cat and protect your carpet, you notice that the vomit is pink in color. What could have caused that? Does your cat need to be immediately seen by an emergency vet?

Occasionally, food dye or the food itself could lead to the pink coloration of vomit. However, more than likely, your cat’s vomit is pink in color due to the presence of blood somewhere in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The reasons blood may be seen in vomit are abundant, as pink vomit is more of a clinical sign of illness.

Continue reading below as we discuss some of the most common reasons pink coloration may be present in the vomit of cats.

The 10 Reasons Your Cat Is Throwing Up Pink Liquid

1. Food Coloration

Although most causes of pink-colored vomit are correlated to the presence of blood, there is an exception. Some foods colored with dye may cause vomit to appear pink. As food enters the stomach and mixes with stomach acid, the food begins breaking down. If vomiting occurs during this time, it is possible that the contents may have a pink hue present.

2. Swallowing of Blood

As mentioned previously, the ingestion of blood is the most common reason pink coloration is seen in vomit. This can occur due to swallowing blood that has come from the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and respiratory tract. Ingested blood will appear bright pink or red compared to that of digested blood occurring lower in the gastrointestinal tract, which is often described as appearing like coffee grounds.

3. Esophageal Trauma

Irritation of the esophagus can result in inflammation and blood. When this enters the stomach, blood can change the coloration of the gastric fluids. Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, is a common sequel to repetitive vomiting and can be seen with acid reflux. Additionally, foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus can behave similarly, leading to esophagitis.

4. Gastric Bleeding

Although stomach ulcers are more common in dogs, they can occasionally be seen in cats. Ulcerations are often very painful. Animals with stomach ulcers experience gastric bleeds. If a patient with an ulcer vomits, it is very likely blood will be seen. Ulcerations can be treated with gastroprotectants like sucralfate but can also improve with the use of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor.

5. Bleeding Disorders

Although relatively uncommon, some animals may battle bleeding disorders. These can occur from secondary poisonings, immune-mediated diseases, and genetic abnormalities. Unfortunately, these can be challenging to treat and may be life-threatening.

6. Foreign Bodies

Inappropriate foreign bodies, like sewing needles, plastic, bones, and more, can become lodged in the oral cavity or throughout the digestive tract. Blood that occurs secondary to foreign body trauma may lead to pink vomit.

7. Cancer and Tumors

Cancer or tumors anywhere along the upper digestive tract, including the oral cavity, could bleed or cause irritation to normal tissue. Once this blood is ingested, fluids within the stomach mix resulting in a pink coloration that can be seen in vomit.

8. Infections

Some types of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections can lead to vomiting. This is often the result of damage to the tissue lining the gastrointestinal tract.

9. Shock

If your feline companion is severely ill and experiencing signs of shock, the digestive tract can suffer as a result of low blood pressure. When this happens, the lining of the digestive tract is affected and damaged. Vomiting may ensue and patients may require intravenous fluids and blood transfusions.

10. Chronic Vomiting

Disease processes causing recurrent vomiting, like kidney disease or liver disease, can be the underlying cause of pink vomitus. As previously mentioned, stomach acids can be irritating to the esophagus leading to inflammation and blood present in the vomit.

Signs That Your Pet May Need to See the Vet

Diagnostics

Your veterinarian will perform a physical examination on your cat to develop a better understanding of their overall condition. Then, based on the physical examination findings, your veterinarian will suggest diagnostic tests that can be performed that will better pinpoint the cause of vomiting. Common modalities used are radiographs, endoscopy, surgery, and ultrasound. Furthermore, blood work can be useful in recognizing bleeding disorders and infections.

Treatment

Treatment of vomiting pink fluid will be heavily dependent on the underlying cause. Remember, vomiting is a sign of the problem, not the problem itself. For example, if vomiting is secondary to a foreign body, removal will be necessary. If vomiting is secondary to an ulcer, the ulcer will need resolution and the underlying cause addressed.

Symptomatic care can often be used to help reduce signs of illness and can be beneficial for a variety of disorders. Often, cats with pink-tinged vomit will benefit from off-label use of a medication like sucralfate or Carafate®. This medication helps coat areas of ulceration or irritation in the upper digestive tract.

Additionally, anti-vomit medications may be recommended depending on the suspected underlying disease process. Not every patient experiencing vomiting should be treated with anti-vomit medication. This is a treatment decision that will need to be made by your veterinarian.

Often, dietary changes may be recommended, and food may be temporarily withheld. Bland, wet diets are often preferable in animals struggling with gastrointestinal issues.

Cleaning Up

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In Summary

Vomiting in cats deserves to be taken seriously. If your 4-legged companion appears in distress or if the vomiting is persistent, it is time to have them evaluated by a veterinarian. The cause of vomiting can vary, and as a result, treatment varies too. Your veterinarian will recommend different diagnostic tests and supportive interventions and will be prepared to intervene further if needed. Your cat should be closely observed following vomiting for signs of worsening in their condition. If ever in doubt, contact your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit: Thiti H, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Throwing Up Pink Liquid? Our Vet Explains 10 Reasons by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of locally aggressive (malignant) cancer that grows and spreads rapidly in the neighboring tissues, including at the bone level.

This type of cancer often occurs as a result of sun exposure, especially in cats with light-colored fur. Cats typically present at the vet clinic with skin ulcers, especially around the ears, eyes, and nose. If surgery is performed in time, the chances of survival increase.

In this article, you will learn what squamous cell carcinoma is, the causes of its occurrence, the clinical signs, and what you can do if your cat has squamous cell carcinoma.

What Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant cancer, meaning it can spread throughout the affected tissues and can spread to other areas. It is an aggressive local cancer, which grows quickly and invades the neighboring tissues, including the bone.

The most commonly affected cats are those between 7 and 15 years old that have been exposed to the sun for a long time (outdoor or outdoor-indoor cats, especially those with light-colored fur). Squamous cell carcinoma commonly appears in non-pigmented areas exposed to the sun. White cats are 13 times more prone to this type of carcinoma compared to colored cats.¹

This type of cancer is located in different areas of the head, such as:

The diagnosis can easily be confused with benign ulcers, gingivitis, or other dental diseases, especially when accompanied by poor dental health.

If your cat has skin ulcers or bloody lesions, take them to the vet for a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Tumors located on the nose or ears can be noticed more easily by the owner, which leads to earlier detection and more effective treatment.

What Are the Signs of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats?

The most common area where squamous cell carcinomas occur is the face, especially the ears. Other high-risk areas are those with maximum sun exposure.

Clinical signs of squamous cell carcinoma include:

Signs of oral carcinoma may include:

In some cases, squamous cell carcinoma may appear as a raised, red area or cauliflower shape. It also has two stages:

Squamous cell carcinomas usually present as a solitary lesion (i.e., it occurs in a single area). However, there is a type of squamous cell carcinoma that is known as Bowenoid carcinoma or Bowen’s disease.² This carcinoma is a multicentric squamous cell carcinoma and occurs in several areas of the body, but is not technically a metastatic cancer.

When affecting the ears, squamous cell carcinoma usually presents with dark, crusting lesions on the tips of the ears, which may bleed or cause irritation.

What Causes Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats?

Any type of tumor or cancer is the result of uncontrolled multiplication of cells. What causes this loss of control does vary and usually several changes have to happen to cells before they will result in the growth of a tumor. In most cases, the cause of squamous cell carcinoma in cats is the prolonged exposure of unprotected skin areas (unpigmented, hairless areas) to UV rays. The UV rays cause damage to the skin cells. Cats between the ages of 7 and 15 are most commonly affected by this type of cancer.

In the case of oral localization, squamous cell carcinoma represents approximately 80% of oral tumors reported in cats, affecting cats 12–13 years old. Compared to the cutaneous form, oral squamous cell carcinoma is more aggressive and malignant.

How Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed in Cats?

A thorough general examination will highlight the presence of skin lesions. If the vet suspects squamous cell carcinoma, they will recommend a cytological examination. Your cat will be put under local or general anesthesia, and tumoral cells will be collected through fine needle aspiration. However, for a definitive diagnosis, a biopsy may also be recommended. This means the vet will remove a piece of the tumor or excise it completely and send it to the lab for diagnosis.

Additional tests can also be recommended, such as blood tests (to assess the general state of health) and chest X-rays (to see if the tumor has spread to the lungs—i.e., if it has metastasized). Fortunately, metastasis is rare, but it can spread to the lungs, liver and kidneys.  In addition, the vet can also recommend a CT scan to determine the extent of the disease, especially in cases where the cancer occurs in the mouth.

What Are the Treatment Options for Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats?

Depending on the severity of the tumor and how much it has spread to the surrounding tissues, the treatment options for squamous cell carcinoma can be the following.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

If your vet recommends surgical excision of your cat’s squamous cell carcinoma, time is of the essence. The earlier the mass is removed, the higher the chance of success. Once the tumor grows into deeper tissues, particularly if it affects the bone, prognosis is much less favorable.

If your cat has been diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma, surgery may not be recommended, depending on the size and location of the mass. You may be referred to a veterinary oncologist to discuss the options. Even if you opt for palliative (end of life) treatment, which is very reasonable with this form of the cancer, it is always good to know your options.

The most important factor in caring for a cat with inoperable squamous cell carcinoma is monitoring their quality of life. Anti-inflammatories and antibiotics will help to keep them comfortable, but eventually, eating and swallowing will become difficult, and you will need to make a decision about euthanasia.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What Triggers Cancer in Cats?

Several factors can trigger cancer in cats, including UV rays, chemicals, diet, etc. However, in most cases, the causes underlying the onset of cancer in pets are not known. To help reduce the risks of cancer and a range of other diseases, it is recommended to sterilize your cat, feed them a balanced diet, take them to periodic check-ups, and not expose them to chemicals like tobacco smoke. If you have a white cat, or one with white areas on their head, the best thing to do is protect them from the sun. Consider keeping them indoors, and treating windows with a UV-blocking film to reduce exposure to sun-loving cats.

How Do You Feed a Cat With Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

If your cat has been diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma or any other type of cancer, it is best to feed them a diet that is low in carbs because they fuel the cancer cells. Your cat’s diet should be discussed with your veterinarian.

Conclusion

Squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive cancer that can spread quickly to the surrounding tissues. This form of cancer mainly affects the tips of the ears but also the lips, tongue, eyelids, gums, etc. The development of this type of cancer is usually triggered by sun exposure, with white and short-haired cats being especially affected. The typical age of appearance of squamous cell carcinoma is 7–15 years.

Initially, the disease can be overlooked because the skin lesions are superficial. After advancing, though, squamous cell carcinoma produces local bleeding, permanent crusting, necrosis, and secondary infections. If you notice any new lesions on your cat’s skin that aren’t going away after a week or two, take them to see your. If the tumor is able to be completely removed, the prognosis is usually quite good. However, in tumors that have invaded deeper tissues, or in the case of oral squamous cell carcinoma, the prognosis is generally poor, with cats surviving 2–5 months, on average, after diagnosis.

Featured Image Credit: bmf-foto.de, Shutterstock

The post Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats: Causes, Signs & Treatments (Vet Answer) by Catster Editorial Team appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Apoquel is a veterinary product labeled for use in dogs that helps reduce itchiness from allergies. Apoquel use in cats is considered extra-label but has been prescribed to cats struggling with relentless itch. So, is this product right for your cat? If so, what is the best way to go about using it? Continue reading below to learn more about Apoquel and how it is being used in feline companions.

What Is Apoquel?

Apoquel (oclacitinib maleate) is a medication designed to help reduce itch in dogs struggling with pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis and allergic dermatitis. This is achieved through blocking certain factors, or cytokines, that are used to stimulate itch. Although a similar product has not yet been approved for cats, extra-label use of Apoquel has been tried in cats, especially cats who have not been able to obtain relief from other interventions.

How Is Apoquel Given?

Apoquel is available in several different-sized (3.6mg, 5.4mg, 16mg) tablets. The tablets are administered orally. The tablets should be stored at room temperature and kept out of direct light.

The labeled dosing recommends twice daily administration to dogs for no more than 14 days, then switching to once-daily dosing as maintenance. Similar recommendations have been used in cats, although the Merck Veterinary Manual suggests that a higher dose may be necessary to achieve similar blood concentrations to that of dogs.¹

Apoquel can be given with or without food. If signs of gastrointestinal sensitivity are noted, the medication should be given with food. In the event of an accidental overdose, contact your prescribing veterinarian.

What Happens if You Miss a Dose?

If a dose of medication is missed, give the medication when it is remembered, and give the next dose at the next appropriate time (either 12 or 24 hours later, depending on your dosing regimen). Do not double the dose. If you ever have questions, make sure to give your vet a quick phone call for further advice.

Potential Side Effects of Apoquel

Safety studies have not been done evaluating the use of Apoquel in cats. The following side effects have been documented in canines, the species which the medication is intended for.

Important Apoquel Considerations

Apoquel is only labeled for use in dogs; therefore, use in cats is considered extra-label. Although there is documentation of successful use of Apoquel in cats, there have not been thorough studies evaluating its use off-label. Minimal information is known regarding safety, efficacy, and dosing in feline patients.

Apoquel should not be used in dogs less than 12 months of age, and it is likely that similar rules would be adapted to cats. Additionally, this product should not be used in pregnant animals. Its use should be avoided in animals with immune compromise or cancer. Although it doesn’t appear that Apoquel causes cancer, it may allow cancer to become less controlled.

Apoquel should not be used in Demodex infections. Avoiding the use of the product may be recommended in animals with previous demodex infections.

Blood work should be done in patients who will be routinely utilizing this product.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why Is My Veterinarian Recommending Apoquel if Considered Off-Label Use?

Some veterinarians will recommend Apoquel to feline patients diagnosed with allergic skin disease who have not obtained relief through other standard modalities or who are unable to take certain medications due to concurrent conditions.

Does Apoquel Require a Written Prescription From My Veterinarian?

Yes, your veterinarian will need to provide you with a prescription to receive this medication, as it is not available over the counter.

Is Apoquel a Steroid?

No, Apoquel is not a steroid. For many, that is the appeal. Several of the undesirable side effects associated with steroid administration are avoided with Apoquel use in dogs.

In Summary

Apoquel use in cats is considered extra-label and several important parameters are unknown currently including safety. Careful consideration and discussion should occur between the prescriber and the patient’s owner prior to administration of the drug. Close monitoring and blood work should be performed to ensure the patient’s health remains stable during use. In cases where relief from itch has not been achieved through other avenues, Apoquel may be a reasonable option in cats.

• See Also: Metronidazole for Cats: Our Vet Explains the Dosage, Uses & Side Effects

Featured Image Credit: Veera, Shutterstock

The post What Is Apoquel for Cats Used For? Our Vet Explains by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Metronidazole is a common medication found on the shelves of veterinary hospitals and pharmacies. This antibiotic is used to treat several different disorders and has been very valuable to veterinary patients, although its use in dogs and cats is considered extra-label in the United States. So, continue reading below to learn about the dosages, uses, and potential side effects of this medication for cats specifically.

What Is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole, or Flagyl, is an antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drug often used to treat conditions that cause diarrhea. This medication is advantageous against common protozoan parasites including Giardia and anaerobic bacteria. In addition to infectious causes, it has been helpful in controlling inflammatory bowel disease and hepatic encephalopathy. Metronidazole has anti-inflammatory effects.

Dosing recommendations vary depending on the illness being treated. Care should be taken to administer the medication as prescribed by the provider.

It is also important to follow storage information found on the medication packaging, as storage recommendations may differ between compounded products.

How Is Metronidazole Given?

Metronidazole can be given orally as either a liquid, capsule, or tablet. It is also available in an injection form for use within a hospital setting. Metronidazole is often bitter and can be difficult to disguise the taste, making it difficult to administer, especially to cats. Compounded metronidazole benzoate is more readily accepted by cats, as it is less bitter.

Generally, Metronidazole is given twice daily. Some conditions requiring long-term treatment with Metronidazole may do well with once-daily dosing. In the event of an accidental overdose, contact your veterinarian.

What Happens if You Miss a Dose?

If a dose of metronidazole is missed, you can give it when it is remembered, but then you must wait the recommended interval before the next dose is given. Do not double up on doses.

Risk of Metronidazole Toxicity

Some animals may experience neurotoxicity from metronidazole. This is most likely to occur in animals on high doses of the drug, following an accidental overdose, or those who receive Metronidazole for prolonged periods of time. Signs of neurotoxicity include nystagmus, seizures, and a head tilt, among other signs. If this is noted in your pet while on metronidazole, discontinue and reach out to your prescribing veterinarian.

Precautions

This medication should be used with caution in animals with liver disease. Animals with liver concerns should receive a reduced dose. Severe renal impairment patients may require a lower dose as well. Metronidazole administration should be avoided in pregnant animals.

Drug Interactions

Care should be taken if administering Metronidazole concurrently with the following drugs, and your veterinarian should be consulted:

Frequently Asked Questions

Is It Safe to Use Metronidazole in a Pregnant Cat?

No, it is not recommended to use Metronidazole in pregnant animals, as it can cause birth defects.

Should This Medication Be Given With Food?

This medication should be taken with food to minimize the risk of gastrointestinal upset.

If Neurotoxicity Occurs, Are the Signs Permanent?

Signs of neurotoxicity can resolve once the medication has been discontinued. This can take several days to weeks. Diazepam can help improve clinical signs quicker. Rarely is neurotoxicity from Metronidazole fatal.

In Summary

Metronidazole is a commonly utilized antibiotic/antiparasitic agent. The risk of neurotoxicity exists, but this is typically the result of prolonged dosing or the use of high doses. It is important to discuss any medications your pet is on with your prescribing veterinarian before starting Metronidazole or any other medication. Close observation of your pet is recommended while on Metronidazole to ensure improvements are being noted to clinical signs and to monitor for adverse effects.

See Also: 

• What Is Apoquel for Cats Used For? Our Vet Explains
• Pyrantel Pamoate for Cats: Dosage, Uses & Side Effects (Vet Answer)

Featured Image Credit: Sonis Photography, Shutterstock

The post Metronidazole for Cats: Our Vet Explains the Dosage, Uses & Side Effects by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Our cats are beloved members of our families, living longer and healthier lives than ever before. It’s important to realize that with longer lifespans, veterinarians and pet owners are seeing age-related changes in our feline family members, including cognitive changes.

What Is Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats?

Feline cognitive dysfunction is also referred to as kitty dementia. Cognitive dysfunction is a gradual change that happens over an extended period. Rapid changes may have a different underlying cause.

Typically, brain and cognitive changes occur in senior cats, with them often at least 10 to 15 years old. Cats of any breed can develop cognitive dysfunction.

What Are the Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats?

Signs of cognitive dysfunction vary between cats, with some showing only one or two signs that are difficult to detect and others with significantly more. Some of the signs to watch for include:

There’s a process in pets and people with cognitive dysfunction that tends to be called sundowning. It refers to the fact that some animals and people show more signs of cognitive changes later in the day, like after the sun goes down.

What Are the Causes of Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats?

The main thought behind why cognitive dysfunction develops in cats is the presence of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. The protein accumulates in the brain, eventually slowing blood flow to parts of the brain, which inevitably leads to neuronal cell death. Changes that we associate with cognitive dysfunction can also have a root in other health conditions.

Some examples include:

Diagnosing Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats

Diagnosing cognitive dysfunction is challenging in pets. In cats, your veterinarian will want to perform a thorough physical exam, checking for discomfort from dental pain or arthritis, ocular changes, and even skin changes that could suggest anxiety.

They will likely recommend several diagnostic tests because there are several things to rule out:

Your veterinarian may refer you to a neurologist to perform an MRI to look for brain changes. They’ll likely also perform a spinal tap to check for infections.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Cognitive Dysfunction?

First things first, your vet will want to treat any underlying health conditions that could be contributing to the appearance of cognitive dysfunction. The veterinarian may recommend dental cleaning and extractions to treat diseased teeth. Hyperthyroidism can be treated with methimazole.

Consider a medication like Solensia as a monthly injection for arthritis pain in cats. Gabapentin is commonly prescribed for both anxiety and neurogenic pain.

You can also try different litter pans for your cat, such as ones with a lower lip, so they don’t have to step as high if they’re uncomfortable.

Diets high in vitamin E and antioxidants may have brain health benefits and slow the progression of cognitive dysfunction. Other supplements that might be beneficial include:

Talk to your veterinarian about melatonin to help your cat sleep at night.

Don’t make sudden changes within the house. If you have to move furniture, try to navigate your cat around the new locations so they learn where everything is, especially if they have vision changes.

Consider not bringing new pets into the environment, which could stress your cat more.

Enrichment is beneficial for these kitties. You can put food in a puzzle toy or treat dispenser so your cat can manipulate it to get the kibble out.

Pheromone products, like Feliway, help cats have less stress or anxiety. Your veterinarian may prescribe a behavioral modifying medication, such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How long does a cat live with dementia?

Cats can live several years with dementia, and it doesn’t have to impact their lifespan at all. The most significant issues are managing any underlying health problems to keep your cat comfortable and what you can handle. Some people have issues if a cat is waking them up all night. Significant disruptions within the human-animal bond could mean it’s time to consider euthanasia.

How can I improve my cat’s quality of life with dementia?

You can try a few things to keep your cat’s quality of life at an acceptable level:

Conclusion

Cognitive dysfunction is a severe condition affecting cats that can drastically impact you and your cat’s quality of life. Work with your vet to try and pinpoint underlying causes that may be treatable, and above all, be patient with your kitty. This is scary for them as well, and they will need your support.

See Also: 

• Feline Cognitive Decline: Vet-Reviewed Signs, Diagnosis & Treatment
• Solensia for Cats: Vet-Reviewed Uses & Effectiveness

Featured Image Credit; 毛 祥, Unsplash

The post Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats (CDS): Causes, Signs & Treatment (Vet Answer) by Dr. Samantha Devine DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.