Routine physical examinations are an integral part of preventative pet care. It is at these appointments that vaccinations are typically administered to our companion animals. But what does it mean if your cat begins throwing up after having vaccinations?

Unfortunately, vomiting following vaccination administration could be a sign of a serious vaccine reaction. Continue reading below to learn about possible causes of vomiting following vaccine administration.

The 3 Reasons Your Cat Is Throwing Up After Having Vaccines

1. Vaccine Reactions

A common reason a cat exhibits vomiting following vaccination is due to an allergic reaction. Although vaccinations are made as safe as possible, individual sensitivities may exist. Some minor vaccine reactions may result in local discomfort or swelling, whereas more significant vaccine reactions can cause vomiting and signs of shock.

Typically, vomiting secondary to a vaccine reaction occurs quickly, usually within 30 minutes of the vaccine administration, although some responses may be delayed. If vomiting occurs in your recently vaccinated cat, your veterinarian should be contacted. If a vaccine reaction is suspected, interventions may be necessary, which could include the use of antihistamines, steroids, or even epinephrine.

2. Anxiety

Although it doesn’t always occur, cats can vomit as a result of anxiety or stress. It is possible that your companion is experiencing anxiety secondary to the events of the day. Prior to future appointments, your veterinarian may recommend administering medication to help reduce your companion’s anxiety and fear. In cats, gabapentin is often used for this purpose. Taking steps to minimize appointment-related anxiety can be beneficial, including the use of pheromones and desensitization.

3. Motion Sickness

For most cats, a vet visit means a short road trip. Whereas some animals may handle this very well, other cats may be very sensitive to motion sickness. It is helpful to keep your pet in a carrier they are accustomed to and keep the car quiet and cool. If vomiting is due to motion sickness, your vet may recommend withholding food prior to the appointment, as well as recommend administering a medication like Cerenia®, an anti-nausea medication used for motion sickness.

Differentiating the Cause of Vomiting

Determining the cause of vomiting may be difficult. It will be important to closely observe your companion for any other signs of illness and to note time frames in which vomiting has occurred. Be sure to seek veterinary care if any other signs of anaphylaxis are present, or if your cat vomits repeatedly. If you are unsure how to proceed with your pet, reach out to your local veterinarian or emergency veterinarian for guidance.

Pre-Treating Vaccine Reactions

In the future, prior to any other vaccinations, it will be important to mention to your veterinarian any previous vaccine reactions or suspected vaccine reactions that your pet has experienced. Animals who have had vaccine reactions previously may be pre-treated with medications to minimize the chance of a reaction occurring again and may be encouraged to allow their pet to stay at the veterinary office all day for observation.

In Summary

Vomiting following vaccination should always be taken seriously. It will be critical to closely observe your feline companion for signs of their condition worsening, and be ready to seek veterinary care if needed. Although stress and motion sickness can both lead to vomiting, the possibility of a vaccine reaction is much more concerning. Veterinary care should be immediately sought out if there is a concern of possible anaphylaxis.

• See Also: Why Is My Cat Vomiting Blood? Our Vet Explains

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The post Why Is My Cat Throwing Up After Having Vaccines? 3 Possible Reasons (Vet Answer) by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

It’s a noise that can’t be unheard. It will wake you up in the middle of the night and rattle your bones. Your cat is retching, and the noise is undeniable. As you race to comfort your cat and protect your carpet, you notice that the vomit is pink in color. What could have caused that? Does your cat need to be immediately seen by an emergency vet?

Occasionally, food dye or the food itself could lead to the pink coloration of vomit. However, more than likely, your cat’s vomit is pink in color due to the presence of blood somewhere in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The reasons blood may be seen in vomit are abundant, as pink vomit is more of a clinical sign of illness.

Continue reading below as we discuss some of the most common reasons pink coloration may be present in the vomit of cats.

The 10 Reasons Your Cat Is Throwing Up Pink Liquid

1. Food Coloration

Although most causes of pink-colored vomit are correlated to the presence of blood, there is an exception. Some foods colored with dye may cause vomit to appear pink. As food enters the stomach and mixes with stomach acid, the food begins breaking down. If vomiting occurs during this time, it is possible that the contents may have a pink hue present.

2. Swallowing of Blood

As mentioned previously, the ingestion of blood is the most common reason pink coloration is seen in vomit. This can occur due to swallowing blood that has come from the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and respiratory tract. Ingested blood will appear bright pink or red compared to that of digested blood occurring lower in the gastrointestinal tract, which is often described as appearing like coffee grounds.

3. Esophageal Trauma

Irritation of the esophagus can result in inflammation and blood. When this enters the stomach, blood can change the coloration of the gastric fluids. Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophagus, is a common sequel to repetitive vomiting and can be seen with acid reflux. Additionally, foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus can behave similarly, leading to esophagitis.

4. Gastric Bleeding

Although stomach ulcers are more common in dogs, they can occasionally be seen in cats. Ulcerations are often very painful. Animals with stomach ulcers experience gastric bleeds. If a patient with an ulcer vomits, it is very likely blood will be seen. Ulcerations can be treated with gastroprotectants like sucralfate but can also improve with the use of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor.

5. Bleeding Disorders

Although relatively uncommon, some animals may battle bleeding disorders. These can occur from secondary poisonings, immune-mediated diseases, and genetic abnormalities. Unfortunately, these can be challenging to treat and may be life-threatening.

6. Foreign Bodies

Inappropriate foreign bodies, like sewing needles, plastic, bones, and more, can become lodged in the oral cavity or throughout the digestive tract. Blood that occurs secondary to foreign body trauma may lead to pink vomit.

7. Cancer and Tumors

Cancer or tumors anywhere along the upper digestive tract, including the oral cavity, could bleed or cause irritation to normal tissue. Once this blood is ingested, fluids within the stomach mix resulting in a pink coloration that can be seen in vomit.

8. Infections

Some types of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections can lead to vomiting. This is often the result of damage to the tissue lining the gastrointestinal tract.

9. Shock

If your feline companion is severely ill and experiencing signs of shock, the digestive tract can suffer as a result of low blood pressure. When this happens, the lining of the digestive tract is affected and damaged. Vomiting may ensue and patients may require intravenous fluids and blood transfusions.

10. Chronic Vomiting

Disease processes causing recurrent vomiting, like kidney disease or liver disease, can be the underlying cause of pink vomitus. As previously mentioned, stomach acids can be irritating to the esophagus leading to inflammation and blood present in the vomit.

Signs That Your Pet May Need to See the Vet

Diagnostics

Your veterinarian will perform a physical examination on your cat to develop a better understanding of their overall condition. Then, based on the physical examination findings, your veterinarian will suggest diagnostic tests that can be performed that will better pinpoint the cause of vomiting. Common modalities used are radiographs, endoscopy, surgery, and ultrasound. Furthermore, blood work can be useful in recognizing bleeding disorders and infections.

Treatment

Treatment of vomiting pink fluid will be heavily dependent on the underlying cause. Remember, vomiting is a sign of the problem, not the problem itself. For example, if vomiting is secondary to a foreign body, removal will be necessary. If vomiting is secondary to an ulcer, the ulcer will need resolution and the underlying cause addressed.

Symptomatic care can often be used to help reduce signs of illness and can be beneficial for a variety of disorders. Often, cats with pink-tinged vomit will benefit from off-label use of a medication like sucralfate or Carafate®. This medication helps coat areas of ulceration or irritation in the upper digestive tract.

Additionally, anti-vomit medications may be recommended depending on the suspected underlying disease process. Not every patient experiencing vomiting should be treated with anti-vomit medication. This is a treatment decision that will need to be made by your veterinarian.

Often, dietary changes may be recommended, and food may be temporarily withheld. Bland, wet diets are often preferable in animals struggling with gastrointestinal issues.

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In Summary

Vomiting in cats deserves to be taken seriously. If your 4-legged companion appears in distress or if the vomiting is persistent, it is time to have them evaluated by a veterinarian. The cause of vomiting can vary, and as a result, treatment varies too. Your veterinarian will recommend different diagnostic tests and supportive interventions and will be prepared to intervene further if needed. Your cat should be closely observed following vomiting for signs of worsening in their condition. If ever in doubt, contact your veterinarian.

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The post Why Is My Cat Throwing Up Pink Liquid? Our Vet Explains 10 Reasons by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Apoquel is a veterinary product labeled for use in dogs that helps reduce itchiness from allergies. Apoquel use in cats is considered extra-label but has been prescribed to cats struggling with relentless itch. So, is this product right for your cat? If so, what is the best way to go about using it? Continue reading below to learn more about Apoquel and how it is being used in feline companions.

What Is Apoquel?

Apoquel (oclacitinib maleate) is a medication designed to help reduce itch in dogs struggling with pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis and allergic dermatitis. This is achieved through blocking certain factors, or cytokines, that are used to stimulate itch. Although a similar product has not yet been approved for cats, extra-label use of Apoquel has been tried in cats, especially cats who have not been able to obtain relief from other interventions.

How Is Apoquel Given?

Apoquel is available in several different-sized (3.6mg, 5.4mg, 16mg) tablets. The tablets are administered orally. The tablets should be stored at room temperature and kept out of direct light.

The labeled dosing recommends twice daily administration to dogs for no more than 14 days, then switching to once-daily dosing as maintenance. Similar recommendations have been used in cats, although the Merck Veterinary Manual suggests that a higher dose may be necessary to achieve similar blood concentrations to that of dogs.¹

Apoquel can be given with or without food. If signs of gastrointestinal sensitivity are noted, the medication should be given with food. In the event of an accidental overdose, contact your prescribing veterinarian.

What Happens if You Miss a Dose?

If a dose of medication is missed, give the medication when it is remembered, and give the next dose at the next appropriate time (either 12 or 24 hours later, depending on your dosing regimen). Do not double the dose. If you ever have questions, make sure to give your vet a quick phone call for further advice.

Potential Side Effects of Apoquel

Safety studies have not been done evaluating the use of Apoquel in cats. The following side effects have been documented in canines, the species which the medication is intended for.

Important Apoquel Considerations

Apoquel is only labeled for use in dogs; therefore, use in cats is considered extra-label. Although there is documentation of successful use of Apoquel in cats, there have not been thorough studies evaluating its use off-label. Minimal information is known regarding safety, efficacy, and dosing in feline patients.

Apoquel should not be used in dogs less than 12 months of age, and it is likely that similar rules would be adapted to cats. Additionally, this product should not be used in pregnant animals. Its use should be avoided in animals with immune compromise or cancer. Although it doesn’t appear that Apoquel causes cancer, it may allow cancer to become less controlled.

Apoquel should not be used in Demodex infections. Avoiding the use of the product may be recommended in animals with previous demodex infections.

Blood work should be done in patients who will be routinely utilizing this product.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why Is My Veterinarian Recommending Apoquel if Considered Off-Label Use?

Some veterinarians will recommend Apoquel to feline patients diagnosed with allergic skin disease who have not obtained relief through other standard modalities or who are unable to take certain medications due to concurrent conditions.

Does Apoquel Require a Written Prescription From My Veterinarian?

Yes, your veterinarian will need to provide you with a prescription to receive this medication, as it is not available over the counter.

Is Apoquel a Steroid?

No, Apoquel is not a steroid. For many, that is the appeal. Several of the undesirable side effects associated with steroid administration are avoided with Apoquel use in dogs.

In Summary

Apoquel use in cats is considered extra-label and several important parameters are unknown currently including safety. Careful consideration and discussion should occur between the prescriber and the patient’s owner prior to administration of the drug. Close monitoring and blood work should be performed to ensure the patient’s health remains stable during use. In cases where relief from itch has not been achieved through other avenues, Apoquel may be a reasonable option in cats.

• See Also: Metronidazole for Cats: Our Vet Explains the Dosage, Uses & Side Effects

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The post What Is Apoquel for Cats Used For? Our Vet Explains by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Metronidazole is a common medication found on the shelves of veterinary hospitals and pharmacies. This antibiotic is used to treat several different disorders and has been very valuable to veterinary patients, although its use in dogs and cats is considered extra-label in the United States. So, continue reading below to learn about the dosages, uses, and potential side effects of this medication for cats specifically.

What Is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole, or Flagyl, is an antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drug often used to treat conditions that cause diarrhea. This medication is advantageous against common protozoan parasites including Giardia and anaerobic bacteria. In addition to infectious causes, it has been helpful in controlling inflammatory bowel disease and hepatic encephalopathy. Metronidazole has anti-inflammatory effects.

Dosing recommendations vary depending on the illness being treated. Care should be taken to administer the medication as prescribed by the provider.

It is also important to follow storage information found on the medication packaging, as storage recommendations may differ between compounded products.

How Is Metronidazole Given?

Metronidazole can be given orally as either a liquid, capsule, or tablet. It is also available in an injection form for use within a hospital setting. Metronidazole is often bitter and can be difficult to disguise the taste, making it difficult to administer, especially to cats. Compounded metronidazole benzoate is more readily accepted by cats, as it is less bitter.

Generally, Metronidazole is given twice daily. Some conditions requiring long-term treatment with Metronidazole may do well with once-daily dosing. In the event of an accidental overdose, contact your veterinarian.

What Happens if You Miss a Dose?

If a dose of metronidazole is missed, you can give it when it is remembered, but then you must wait the recommended interval before the next dose is given. Do not double up on doses.

Risk of Metronidazole Toxicity

Some animals may experience neurotoxicity from metronidazole. This is most likely to occur in animals on high doses of the drug, following an accidental overdose, or those who receive Metronidazole for prolonged periods of time. Signs of neurotoxicity include nystagmus, seizures, and a head tilt, among other signs. If this is noted in your pet while on metronidazole, discontinue and reach out to your prescribing veterinarian.

Precautions

This medication should be used with caution in animals with liver disease. Animals with liver concerns should receive a reduced dose. Severe renal impairment patients may require a lower dose as well. Metronidazole administration should be avoided in pregnant animals.

Drug Interactions

Care should be taken if administering Metronidazole concurrently with the following drugs, and your veterinarian should be consulted:

Frequently Asked Questions

Is It Safe to Use Metronidazole in a Pregnant Cat?

No, it is not recommended to use Metronidazole in pregnant animals, as it can cause birth defects.

Should This Medication Be Given With Food?

This medication should be taken with food to minimize the risk of gastrointestinal upset.

If Neurotoxicity Occurs, Are the Signs Permanent?

Signs of neurotoxicity can resolve once the medication has been discontinued. This can take several days to weeks. Diazepam can help improve clinical signs quicker. Rarely is neurotoxicity from Metronidazole fatal.

In Summary

Metronidazole is a commonly utilized antibiotic/antiparasitic agent. The risk of neurotoxicity exists, but this is typically the result of prolonged dosing or the use of high doses. It is important to discuss any medications your pet is on with your prescribing veterinarian before starting Metronidazole or any other medication. Close observation of your pet is recommended while on Metronidazole to ensure improvements are being noted to clinical signs and to monitor for adverse effects.

See Also: 

• What Is Apoquel for Cats Used For? Our Vet Explains
• Pyrantel Pamoate for Cats: Dosage, Uses & Side Effects (Vet Answer)

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The post Metronidazole for Cats: Our Vet Explains the Dosage, Uses & Side Effects by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Toxoplasmosis is a disease impacting cats that can be picked up from the environment. Toxoplasmosis is commonly discussed in households due to the risk it poses to pregnant women. But what exactly is toxoplasmosis, and how does it impact cats? Continue reading below to learn more about this pathogen.

What Is Toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a single-cell protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. Cats become infected with toxoplasma when the infected stage is ingested, typically through the consumption of an intermediate host or accidental consumption of fecal matter.

Toxoplasma gondii has only one definitive host: the cat. A definitive host is a host in which the parasite reproduces and creates eggs. However, this protozoan can impact most warm-blooded animals, including humans. An intermediate host is an animal in which the parasite can multiply in a cyst form, but the parasite is unable to complete its life cycle. A cat becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii when an intermediate host housing a cyst is ingested or when an oocyst from the environment is consumed.

Definitive Host

Once the cystic stage or infective oocyst is ingested by a cat, the protozoan is released into the gastrointestinal tract where it begins to form eggs, called oocysts. The oocysts are then deposited into the environment through defecation.

Alternatively, some Toxoplasma gondii protozoans leave the gastrointestinal tract and encyst in other tissue, often muscle or brain matter.

Intermediate Host

Other animals can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii when oocysts are ingested, or if meat containing a cyst is ingested. Once ingested by the intermediate host, the protozoan escapes the oocyst and invades other cells, eventually forming a cyst. Here, the parasite waits to be consumed by a cat in order to complete its life cycle.

What Are the Signs of Toxoplasmosis in Cats?

Cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii may not exhibit signs, as their immune system is effective at limiting the parasite. Unfortunately, cats with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop clinical signs associated with toxoplasmosis. Examples include cats that are very young, FIV positive, or have feline leukemia.

Possible signs of toxoplasmosis include:

Diagnosing and Treating Toxoplasmosis in Cats

Toxoplasmosis is typically diagnosed through evaluation of history and laboratory tests that evaluate antibody levels to Toxoplasma gondii. In other scenarios, infection can be diagnosed through tissue or spinal fluid evaluation.

Fortunately, toxoplasmosis is treatable with antibiotics. Clindamycin is commonly administered for 2–4 weeks to affected cats.

How to Care for a Cat With Toxoplasmosis

If your cat has been diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, it is important to closely follow instructions provided to you by your veterinarian.

The litter box should be cleaned as soon as possible after defecation has occurred, and the stool should be properly disposed of. Fresh feces contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii are not infectious for at least 24 hours after it is deposited in the environment, as the oocyst needs time to mature.

Ensure that any immunocompromised cats are kept indoors to limit their exposure to infectious agents in their environment.

Zoonotic Potential

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. Toxoplasmosis is zoonotic and can cause abortions in pregnant women. Women who are infected with Toxoplasma gondii may go on to pass the infection onto their child in utero, which may lead to blindness or developmental delays. Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant should exercise caution when cleaning the litter box, or better yet, should avoid that responsibility.

Often, people infected with Toxoplasma gondii do not experience clinical signs. Immunocompromised individuals are more likely to develop clinical signs of illness from toxoplasmosis. Signs of infection can include flu-like symptoms, seizures, and confusion.

Care should be taken to thoroughly wash your hands before preparing or consuming food. Ensure that meat is not consumed raw. Additionally, because oocysts can survive in the environment for long periods of time, gloves should be used when gardening.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can My Cat Pass Toxoplasmosis to My Dog?

Yes, your cat may be able to pass Toxoplasma gondii to your dog if your dog consumes infected feces. Most often, healthy dogs do not exhibit clinical signs of infection; however, immunocompromised individuals may experience fever, seizures, and potentially death.

My Cat Has Been Diagnosed With Toxoplasmosis. What Is Their Prognosis?

Overall prognosis varies depending on the organs impacted by the infection. Most infected cats remain symptom-free. If the infection impacts the liver or lungs, the prognosis is less favorable. Response to treatment is also telling regarding prognosis.

Conclusion

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Although infections with this protozoan can cause serious signs, like seizures, the definitive and intermediate hosts often do not experience clinical signs. Immunocompromised hosts are more likely to develop signs of illness. However, with appropriate treatment, recovery is possible depending on organ involvement.

Zoonotic potential exists, so caution must be taken by people cleaning the litter box, and all meat should be fully cooked before consumption. If you suspect that your cat has signs related to an infection with Toxoplasma gondii, you should schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

• See Also: Scoliosis in Cats: Detection & Treatments (Vet Answer)

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The post Toxoplasmosis Symptoms in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Treatments by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Chlamydophila felis (formerly Chlamydia felis) is a bacterium that can infect cats of any age, although young kittens are most often impacted. Clinical signs vary; however, the most common sign is conjunctivitis. In fact, a study suggested that up to 30% of cats with conjunctivitis are infected with Chlamydophila felis.

Depending on the lifestyle of your cat, a chlamydia vaccination may be warranted. Continue reading below to learn more about this pathogen and how it can impact your cat!

What Is Chlamydia?

Chlamydophila felis is a bacterial infection that is most often spread through direct contact with eye secretions of infected cats. An infection with Chlamydophila felis can lead to a condition referred to as chlamydiosis or chlamydial conjunctivitis. Indirect contact with contaminated items or aerosol transmission is possible, although it’s not as common, as the bacteria doesn’t survive well in the environment.

Besides ocular secretions, Chlamydophila felis can be shed through the tissues of the rectum and vagina of infected cats. It Is unclear if the bacterial infection can spread through this route.

Once a cat has been exposed to Chlamydophila felis, the incubation period ranges from 3–10 days. Clinical signs of infection can last several weeks to months, with the most severe signs occurring within 1–2 weeks of the onset of clinical signs.

What Are the Signs of Chlamydia in Cats?

Some cats may experience upper respiratory signs, but the most common sign seen with a chlamydial infection in cats is conjunctivitis. The conjunctiva is the pink mucosa that lines the eyelids and is visible when the lower lid is pulled down. Typically, the conjunctiva is pink in color and appears smooth. Cats with conjunctivitis will have a noticeably darker coloration to this tissue, and swelling can be present, making the conjunctiva much more prominent.

Other signs of chlamydia in cats include:

Diagnosing Chlamydiosis in the Cat

The first step in diagnosing a cat with chlamydiosis is a physical examination. Cats with conjunctivitis, complete with redness and ocular drainage, are suggestive of chlamydiosis. Cytology and culture are possible ways an infection with Chlamydophila felis can be diagnosed; however, the preferred test is a PCR test.

PCR tests are able to identify pathogen DNA, making detection of bacteria possible before antibodies are formed. To run this test, the clinician must swab the pharyngeal area of the cat’s mouth and the conjunctiva. The swab is then sent to a reference laboratory where a PCR test is performed. The results are typically available within 1–4 days.

How to Treat Chlamydiosis in Cats

Antibiotics are recommended for cats with chlamydia. Treatment can be either systemic or topical; however, topical eye drops are rarely used alone. Doxycycline is often the antibiotic of choice, which is administered orally at 10 mg/kg once daily. When possible, the antibiotic formulation should be liquid to avoid esophageal strictures. Due to the lifecycle of the bacteria, extended use of antibiotics is recommended over a 4–8-week period.

If doxycycline is contraindicated in your cat, other antibiotics may be effective.

How to Care for a Cat With Chlamydia

In addition to administering medications as prescribed by your veterinarian, warm compresses to the eyes can be helpful. Compresses can help to reduce swelling and soften any discharge that has accumulated on the eye.

It is important to not introduce your cat to other cats while showing signs of infection. If possible, keep your cat isolated from other cats within your home while being treated for chlamydia. Treatment may be recommended for all cats within the household due to the high likelihood of transmission.

In multi-cat households, proper cleaning and husbandry are necessary to help prevent the spread of this bacteria.

Vaccination Against Chlamydia

Chlamydia vaccinations are available to cats but are not considered core vaccinations. Cats that should be considered for vaccination are those in shelter environments or catteries. The vaccination can be given to kittens as young as 9 weeks of age. Although the vaccination doesn’t completely prevent illness, the clinical signs are reduced and bacterial replication is diminished.

FAQ

My Kitten Has Been Diagnosed With Chlamydia. What Is Her Prognosis?

Overall, the prognosis of a cat being appropriately treated for chlamydia is good. Clinical signs quickly improve. It is important to continue medication, even if signs resolve to help prevent reoccurrence.

Am I at Risk of Developing Conjunctivitis From My Cat?

There are rare reports of people in households with infected cats developing runny eyes. If anyone in your household develops signs of infection, your human doctor should be contacted so treatment can be initiated. The prognosis is good.

Conclusion

Chlamydophila felis often causes conjunctivitis in affected cats. Systemic signs of infection are typically mild and not common. Affected cats should be appropriately treated with antibiotics for an extended duration of time to minimize chances of reoccurrence and spread.

In addition to oral antibiotics, warm compression of the eyes can improve infected cats’ comfort. Cats in catteries or in multi-cat households may benefit from vaccination. Overall, the prognosis for cats with chlamydia is favorable, and reported transmission to humans is very uncommon.

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The post Chlamydia in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Treatments by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Seeing an obvious change in your cat’s appearance can be concerning, especially when the abnormality is associated with the eye. Concerns of vision impairment and pain often arise when visible changes are noted. Fortunately, cats with Haws syndrome do not appear to be in discomfort, and the eye itself still functions normally. Continue reading below to learn more about this mysterious syndrome that occurs in cats.

What Is Haws Syndrome in Cats?

Haws syndrome in cats is a condition in which the third eyelid protrudes or is easily visible. Generally, both eyes are impacted. This condition is not reported in dogs.

The third eyelid in cats and in other species is a critical component in keeping the eye protected. The third eyelid, otherwise known as the nictitating membrane, will become raised to physically protect the eye and help distribute tears across the globe. The third eyelid is most commonly visualized in the medial canthus, or the junction of the eye closest to the nose. Usually, the membrane is white or pink in coloration and appears thin.

What Causes Haws Syndrome?

The protrusion or prolapse of the lid is thought to be due to decreased sympathetic nerve innervation, although the underlying reason as to why this occurs is unknown. This syndrome is commonly reported alongside inflammatory gastrointestinal illness, so a link is suspected.

Signs of Haws Syndrome

Cats experiencing Haws will have visibly raised third eyelids. Sometimes patients may have recently experienced or have concurrent diarrhea. Cats with Haws do not appear to experience pain and their vision is intact. Vision impairment may be present due to the physical blockage of the globe by the nictitating membrane.

Haws syndrome most often is seen in young adult cats, although cats of any age can be impacted.

Diagnosing Haws Syndrome

Haws syndrome can be diagnosed with a physical examination and a phenylephrine test. This test involves placing a drop of phenylephrine into each eye and waiting to see if the third eyelids return to their normal position within 20 minutes. If this occurs, Haws can be confidently diagnosed, as this proves a decrease in sympathetic nerve influence.

A thorough ophthalmic examination is critical. The eye in affected cats is normal, and no other eye abnormalities are present. It is important to note this, as there are other diseases or illnesses that can cause the nictitating eyelids to become prominent or visible, including conjunctivitis and ulcerations.

Treatment of Haws Syndrome

Haws syndrome does not require treatment, as it is self-limiting and typically resolves quickly. Concurrent diarrhea should be appropriately addressed. It can take several weeks for the appearance of the eyes to return to normal. If the eyelids are raised for several weeks, it may be necessary to perform additional diagnostics to look for other explanations.

Caring for a Cat With Haws Syndrome

Cats with Haws syndrome do not typically require significant intervention or care. Close monitoring should be done to ensure favorable progress in their condition. If the condition doesn’t improve within 6 weeks, the eye should be reexamined.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

My Cat’s Third Eyelid Is Raised. Is This Due to Pain?

Some conditions resulting in third eyelid elevation can be painful. Patients with Haws have bilaterally elevated third eyelids and the condition is not associated with discomfort.

Will My Cat Require Eye Drops if Haws Is Diagnosed?

Fortunately, no! Typically, this condition is self-limiting and resolves on its own. Your pet may require other types of supportive care if concurrent gastrointestinal illness is present.

Conclusion

Although aesthetically concerning, cats with Haws do well, as the condition is self-limiting. Concurrent gastrointestinal illnesses may require intervention. Resolution of signs can take several weeks to occur, so do not feel discouraged if your pet is diagnosed with Haws. If the third eyelids appear protruded for 6 weeks or longer, the eyes should be reevaluated. Fortunately, this condition is not painful to your companion, and cats with Haws syndrome have a good prognosis.

See Also:

• Can Cats Produce Tears? Vet Approved Facts
• Manx Syndrome in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Treatment

Featured Image Credit: Mary Swift, Shutterstock

The post Haws Syndrome in Cats: Causes, Signs & Treatments (Vet Answer) by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

There is no denying that cats are curious creatures. We find them getting themselves into all sorts of mischief, from playing with snakes to rummaging through garbage cans. Trash can often be viewed as an enticing toy or a tasty snack to a cat. So, what happens if your cat has managed to get into the garbage and consumes dental floss? Is this dangerous?

The answer is, unfortunately, yes. The ingestion of dental floss could lead to a linear foreign body in your cat, one of the more dire types of foreign body ingestions. Continue reading to learn more about the risks associated with dental floss ingestion and linear foreign bodies.

Linear Foreign Bodies in Cats

Long, thin objects that are inappropriately consumed are called linear foreign bodies. String, rope, dental floss, cloth, and ribbon are examples of potential linear foreign bodies. What typically occurs in linear foreign body ingestion, or in this case, floss ingestion, is that the foreign object becomes embedded or stuck within the gastrointestinal tract. The natural movements of the intestines through peristalsis will attempt to propel the foreign object through the digestive tract. Intestinal bunching ends up occurring, leading to intense pain and intestinal damage. As damage occurs to the intestines and tension on the object increases, there is a risk of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract.

In some cases of linear foreign bodies, the object may be seen wrapped around the base of the tongue or seen exiting the rectum. It is important to never attempt to remove the string without the help of a veterinarian.

My Cat Just Ate Floss, What Should I Do?

The first thing to do after your cat has ingested floss or another type of linear foreign object is to call your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will likely ask several questions to help develop a plan for your pet.

In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend close monitoring at home, whereas in other situations, your veterinarian may recommend you bring your cat to the clinic. Cats are notoriously harder to induce vomiting in, and as a result, your veterinarian may recommend endoscopy to retrieve the object from the stomach, especially if ingestion just occurred.

Signs of a Linear Foreign Body

Signs can vary amongst patients, and owners sometimes are not aware that ingestion of a foreign object has occurred.

Diagnosing a Linear Foreign Body

If your pet has experienced signs associated with a foreign body, or if there is a recent history of ingestion of a foreign body like floss, radiographs will be recommended. Unfortunately, things like dental floss can be difficult to identify on radiographs, as the foreign object itself is usually not visible. The appearance of the intestines will be closely evaluated by the veterinarian to better determine if intestinal bunching has occurred, which is commonly seen with linear foreign bodies.

If there is a high suspicion of a linear foreign body but radiographs do not provide a definitive diagnosis, an ultrasound or exploratory surgery may be recommended to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract.

Treatment of a Linear Foreign Body

In some cases, linear foreign bodies can pass through the intestinal tract without causing havoc. The problem is that there is no way to determine which patients will be able to pass the string or floss without complications.

Linear foreign bodies can occasionally be removed through the induction of vomiting and endoscopic retrieval if recent consumption of the string has occurred.

If problems arise from ingestion of floss or another type of linear foreign object, surgery will likely be recommended. As with most foreign body surgeries, the sooner the surgery can occur after the patient has been stabilized, the better. Following foreign body surgery, your cat will need to be kept inactive and treated with appropriate medications. Additionally, a temporary diet change may be necessary.

How Can I Prevent Ingestion of Floss or Other Linear Foreign Objects?

Unfortunately, the chances are high that your cat will ingest something they shouldn’t at some point in their lives. Setting them up for success is imperative to their safety. What exactly does that mean?

Try making it very difficult for your cat to have access to potentially harmful items like floss by disposing of them properly in a trash can with a lid. Alternatively, it would be worthwhile to avoid linear floss altogether and try using a floss pick instead. Removing access to bathrooms is helpful by keeping doors closed. Before leaving the house, performing a quick check of the house helps identify potential hazards.

In Summary

If your cat has ingested dental floss, there is a risk of developing gastrointestinal complications. If possible, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to evaluate your cat and to check for floss that may be wrapped around the base of the tongue. Unfortunately, some cats do require surgery after the consumption of a linear foreign object like dental floss. The prognosis is dependent on the duration of clinical signs and the damage endured to the intestinal tract. Try avoiding using potentially harmful things like dental floss in your home to minimize the chances of ingestion by a curious cat.

Featured Image Credit by: Anastassiya Bezhekeneva, Shutterstock

The post My Cat Ate Dental Floss: Is It Dangerous? Our Vet Explains What to Do by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Noticing bleeding from your cat is alarming, especially when you don’t know what’s causing it. As imagined, bleeding can occur for several different reasons, ranging from trauma to immune disorders to infectious diseases. Bleeding is not an illness but more of a sign of something else. If your cat is bleeding it is strongly recommended that you contact your veterinarian for advice. Continue reading to learn more about common causes of bleeding based on body location.

Body Location

Bleeding From the Eyes

If you notice blood from the eyes, there is a good chance trauma has occurred. Trauma could include scratching around the eye leading to skin irritation, or a more serious injury like trauma to the eyeball. Blood can sometimes be seen within the eye itself with certain types of injury or infections.

Bleeding From the Ears

Ear infections can lead to trauma from excessive scratching. Additionally, cats can develop polyps within the ear that can cause irritation and inflammation leading to bleeding. Significant trauma to the head can also cause bleeding to be seen from the ears.

Bleeding From the Nose

Bleeding from the nose can be alarming, especially as it can sometimes lead to blood splatter. This can occur from a series of things, including nasal passage irritation due to an ongoing upper respiratory infection, cancer, and possibly trauma including foreign bodies. Diagnosing the cause of bleeding from the nose may be made based on history, or it may require a more in-depth investigation, including rhinoscopy, or a placement of a camera into the nasal passages.

Bleeding From the Mouth

If blood is noted in your cat’s mouth, it is often the result of gingivitis. Bleeding can also be noted when teeth are fractured or pulled out, both of which are painful. If trauma occurs to the mouth through fighting or a foreign body, blood may also be noted. Injury to the tongue or mouth tissues or even oral masses can also result in bleeding within the oral cavity. Significant trauma to the body resulting in severe bleeding in the chest can cause blood to be seen in the nose and mouth. Sedation may be necessary to thoroughly evaluate your pet’s oral cavity.

Bleeding From Skin

Bleeding from the skin is often from trauma and is easy to recognize. It is important to note that bleeding can occur with superficial injury to the skin and more significant deeper tissue trauma. Bleeding can be severe in some cases.

Blood in Urine

An unfortunately common concern some cat owners have is noticing blood in their cat’s urine. Cats are unique creatures who can be easily stressed and develop cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder. When this occurs, blood is often noted in the urine. Infection, bladder stones, and cancer are three other common causes of blood in the urine.

Bleeding From Rectum

Bleeding can occur from problems higher up in the gastrointestinal tract, like ulcerations, or from the rectum itself. Cats with diarrhea secondary to infection or constipation may experience bleeding from their rectum due to irritation and straining. Polyps, growths, and foreign bodies are other possible causes.

Internal Bleeding

Patients can also bleed internally, which can be harder to recognize. Signs will be dependent on where in the body the blood is being lost. Some patients suffering from tumors impacting their liver or spleen may experience hemorrhage in their abdomen. When this occurs, abdominal distension may be noted. Alternatively, if bleeding occurs within the chest, labored breathing may be seen. If large amounts of blood are being lost, your cat may experience pale gums, lethargy and weakness.

Clotting Problems

Unfortunately, clotting problems in cats can lead to bleeding that can be severe, and bleeding may be noted from different orifices. When this occurs, immediate intervention is necessary. Some animals may develop immune-mediated disorders that impact platelets or they may have been born with abnormal clotting factors. Alternatively, some patients may have ingested a poison or toxin that causes problems with clotting. An example of a poison would be anticoagulant rat bait. In patients suffering from clotting disorders, bleeding may be noted from different locations.

Treating Bleeding in Cats

As the possible causes of bleeding are vast, treatment varies greatly. The first thing that needs to be done is to determine the underlying cause of the blood loss. Often this can be done by listening to the patient’s history and performing a thorough physical examination.

Bloodwork may be recommended to check for other underlying problems and to check red blood cell levels. When anemia occurs, treatment may be needed to quickly increase the level of red blood cells through a blood transfusion. If anemia is noted in your pet, frequent blood checks will be done to see how the red blood cell levels are changing over time.

Depending on where the bleeding is occurring, additional diagnostics may include endoscopy, ultrasound, and radiographs.

Surgery may be necessary to repair wounds and stop bleeding. In other cases, supportive care through fluid therapy may be all that is required.

In Summary

You may notice blood on your cat and not be able to immediately pinpoint the origin. In any case, having your pet evaluated by your veterinarian is strongly recommended. Depending on the findings, your veterinarian will offer treatment recommendations and interventions. If bleeding is severe leading to anemia, ongoing monitoring of red blood cell levels will be needed.

See Also: 

• My Cat is Leaving Blood Drops Everywhere, What’s Wrong?

Featured Image Credit: Kamil Zajaczkowski, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Bleeding? A Full-Body Overview (Vet Answer) by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Although panting is a common occurrence in dogs, it is significantly less common in cats and can be a sign of ailment. Prolonged periods of panting or open-mouth breathing in cats are considered abnormal and warrant a timely visit to your veterinarian. Causes of open-mouth breathing can be linked to disease of the heart and lungs, infection, trauma, blood loss, and foreign bodies.

Below are some of the more common reasons for open-mouth breathing, but it is important to note that there are other causes as well. Continue reading to learn why your cat may be experiencing open-mouth breathing and how to approach this potential emergency.

Normal Causes of Open-Mouth Breathing

Cats can occasionally experience short periods of panting or open-mouth breathing. However, panting should reside once the stimulus has resolved that initially caused the panting, whether that is heat, exercise, or stress. In situations where panting does not quickly resolve, veterinary care should be pursued.

Stress

Acute situations causing stress can lead to open-mouth breathing. This can occur commonly to cats during car rides. It is important that a cat that is open-mouth breathing quickly recovers once they have been removed from the stressful situation.

Exercise

Young, active cats who dart quickly around the house may intermittently pant. This can be a normal response to heavy exercise. If this is noted, play should be interrupted, and the cat should be allowed to calm down. At rest, the breathing pattern should quickly return to normal.

Temperature Regulation

In extreme heat, cats may pant to expel heat. If this is noted, cats should be moved indoors and cooled with a fan. A veterinarian should be contacted, as your companion may be experiencing heat stroke, which could be deadly.

Flehmen Response

One common reason you may see your cat with their mouth open is due to the flehmen response. The flehmen response is a way a cat gathers information regarding their environment through pheromones that cross over the vomeronasal gland, which is located at the base of the nasal cavity. The flehmen response occurs quickly and is not persistent but can resemble open-mouth breathing.

Problematic Open-Mouth Breathing

Great care should be taken toward cats with prolonged or reocurring bouts of open-mouth breathing or panting. Abnormal breathing is often a sign of significant illness in our feline companions and should be treated as an emergency. If the ease of your cat’s breathing ever comes into question, it is safest to seek the opinion and care of a veterinarian.

Fluid Accumulation

Fluid accumulation in the chest or abdominal cavity can lead to labored breathing. This is due to the inability of the lungs to properly expand as a result of fluid gathering either around the lungs or within the belly. Fluid can accumulate due to infection, heart failure, neoplasia, and trauma, among other reasons.

Cats suffering from fluid accumulation will experience open-mouth breathing and abdominal effort associated with their breaths. Initial treatment requires oxygen supplementation and the potential removal of fluid.

Neoplasia

Tumors can occur within the chest and impact the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing. Diagnosing tumors often involves radiographs and possibly ultrasounds, and it’s best to get your cat in to see the vet so they can make a proper diagnosis.

Infection

On occasion, a significant upper respiratory infection (URI) may occlude the nostrils. As a result, cats may be seen open-mouth breathing. Further, if infection settles lower in the lungs, leading to pneumonia, cats may experience labored breathing as well. Generally, however, URIs are not severe and do not cause breathing problems.

Asthma

One of the most common respiratory diseases cats face is asthma. Asthma is essentially an allergic reaction to an inhaled irritant that results in lower airway signs. Asthma can slowly develop, or it can be acute and sometimes very severe.

Asthma is diagnosed from history, clinical signs, and thoracic radiographs. Asthmatic cats may cough, wheeze, and experience labored breathing. Fortunately, cats with asthma can improve with appropriate treatment, which typically involves steroid administration.

When Should I Seek Veterinary Care?

You should seek veterinary care if abnormal breathing is prolonged or recurring in your cat. A cat at rest and in a comfortable environment should not be seen open-mouth breathing or panting. If panting seems to be inappropriate, evaluation of the cat’s environment and health is imperative.

On average, cats at rest breathe 30 breaths or less per minute. If this number is consistently elevated, or if your cat is struggling to breathe, an appointment should be scheduled with your veterinarian as soon as possible.

Transporting a Cat in Respiratory Distress

If you need to seek veterinary care and your cat is having difficulties breathing, you first need to call your veterinarian. Calling ahead will allow your veterinarian a chance to gather the necessary supplies to support your cat in an emergency. In an emergency, it may be in the best interest of your cat to go to the nearest veterinary hospital to minimize the stress of travel and quicken the speed at which care can be administered.

Try not to physically hold your cat, as this may cause them to panic further. Instead, place your feline companion in a carrier that is large enough for them to comfortably lay or stand. Try to keep the temperature in the car cool but comfortable. Many cats like being able to hide in stressful situations, like during a car ride. In a cat with respiratory distress, placing a breathable blanket or towel over a carrier is preferable to having your cat burrow underneath a blanket.

In Summary

Panting or open-mouth breathing may be a sign of respiratory distress in cats. If the abnormal breathing seems out of place, is prolonged, or is recurring, veterinary care should be quickly sought. There are several different causes for open-mouth breathing, and often, diagnostics will be necessary to determine the underlying cause.

Unfortunately, the prognosis in cats experiencing abnormal breathing is varied, as prognosis is dependent on the underlying cause and the response to medical intervention. When in doubt, seek veterinary care if your cat exhibits signs of abnormal breathing.

Featured Image Credit: Yuttana Joe, Shutterstock

The post My Cat Is Breathing With Their Mouth Open, What’s Wrong? (Vet Answer) by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.